直接引语 间接引语
引述别人的原话叫直接引语，用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。
( I ) 直接引语转变为间接引语时，时间状语一般要作一定的改变。常见的有：
now→then; today→ that day; tomorrow→tomorrow / the next day;
next week→ next week / the next week; ago→ before; yesterday → the day before; yesterday afternoon → the afternoon before等。
如：He said,“ I will call you tomorrow.”
He said he would call me tomorrow / the next day.
(II) 从直接引语变为间接引语，陈述句用that引导 ,例如：
He said “I don’t want to go with her.”→ He said that he did not want to go with her.
III. 间接疑问句(Indirect Questions)
疑问句的间接引语，叫做间接疑问句。可分为两个类型。
I) 一般疑问句、选择疑问句和附加疑问句变为间接引语时要用从属连词 whether 或 if 来引导。
1．一般疑问句的间接引语，由whether 或 if 引导：
He asked me, "Is the boy your brother / Will you go with me?"
→ He asked me whether / if the boy was my brother / I would go with him.
2. 选择疑问句间接引语，由whether 引导：
"Do you study English or Japanese?" the girl asked Tom.
→ The girl asked Tom whether he studied English or Japanese.
II) 特殊疑问句的间接引语，由疑问词引导。
He asked, "What do you mean by that / Why did he leave?"
→ He asked what I / he / she meant by that / why he left.。
IV. 间接祈使句(Indirect Imperatives/Commands)
祈使句的间接引语，叫做间接祈使句。通常由带动词不定式的复合宾语结构来充当。这时的主动词通常为 ask, tell, order，或command, request, require, beg, entreat, urge 等。例如:
"Please shut the door," I said to him. → I asked him to shut the door.
以 let 开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时可根据其不同情景中的具体意义来进行相应的改变。如：
"Let us go out and play for a while mother," I said.
→ I asked mother to let us go out and play for a while.
时态的变化
(1)直接引语转变为间接引语时，若主句谓语是现在时，则宾语从句中的原有时态一般无须改变。
(2)直接引语转变为间接引语时，若主句谓语是过去时，则从句谓语时态应作相应的变化。常见的有：
一般现在时 → 一般过去时 现在进行时 → 过去进行时
一般将来时 → 过去将来时 现在完成时 → 过去完成时
一般过去时 → 过去完成时 过去进行时 → 过去完成进行时
现在完成进行时 → 过去完成进行时
例如：
Kate said, “I will come to school next Sunday.”
Kate said (that) she would come / go to school (the) next Sunday.
但在下列特殊情况下，动词的时态不能改变或者可以不变。
一、直接引语引述的是客观事实(真理)、政治信念、宗教信仰时，时态一般不变。例如：
The teacher said, "The Earth moves round the Sun."
The teacher said that the Earth moves round the Sun.
二、直接引语引述的是现在的习惯性动作或状态时，时态一般不变。例如：
Mrs. Green said, "Linda runs half a mile every morning."
→ Mrs. Green said that Linda runs half a mile every morning.
Yesterday John said ,"The boy is six." → Yesterday John said that the boy is six.
三、 直接引语引述的是科学事实或道理，如地理特征、医学常识、自然现象等，时态一般不变。
Professor Li said, "China is larger than the U.S."
→ Professor Li said that China is larger than the U.S.
Doctor Smith said, "Smoking is harmful to our health. "
→ Doctor Smith said that smoking is harmful to our health.
四、 直接引语引述的是警句格言、导师语录、名人言论等，时态一般不变。例如：
She said, "Still water runs deep." → She said that still water runs deep.
Chairman Mao said, "The lowly are the most intelligent; the elite are the most ignorant."
→ Chairman Mao said that the lowly are the most intelligent; the elite are the most ignorant.
五、 当直接引语指过去的历史事实时，尤其是有明确的过去时间状语时，时态一般不变。例如：
"Columbus discovered America," said the history teacher.
→ The history teacher said that Columbus discovered America.
Li Ming said, "Li Ying joined the Party in 1960."
→ Li Ming said that Li Ying joined the Party in 1960.
六、当直接引语中的谓语是过去完成时或过去完成进行时(包括从句中的谓语)时，时态不变。如：
They said, "The workers had already finished the work by the end of last year."
→ They said that the workers had already finished the work by the end of last year.
七、 直接引语中所包含的时间状语从句谓语是过去时，主句谓语是过去进行时；从句谓语是过去进行时，主句谓语是过去时；或者主、从句谓语都是过去进行时，主从句时态均可保持不变。例如：
Mary said, "I was listening to music when John came in."
→ Mary said she was listening to music when John came in.
Miss Betty said, "When I was studying Mike was playing."
→ Miss Betty said when she was studying Mike was playing.
＊＊但任何事物都不是绝对的，上述情况有时也会遵守时态呼应的原则，但在意义上略有不同。请看下列两句：
Scientists concluded that living things can't live without oxygen.
Scientists concluded that living things couldn't live without oxygen.
以上两句，从句均表示的是科学真理。第一句从句用现在时，它不仅表明了科学家们做出了什么论断，而且说话者也同意该论断。第二句从句用过去时，只说明当时科学家们做出了论断而已，而说话者并不关心该论断是否正确。
人称的变化
直接引语转换为间接引语时人称代词转换规律
一从主 He said to Tom,“I can help them.” → He told Tom that he could help them.
二从宾 He said to her,“You can help them..”→ He told her that she could help them.
三不变 He said to Tom,“They can help them.”→ He told Tom that they could help them.
代词、地点状语、时间状语和少数动词等的变化
| 直 接 | 间 接 | 直 接 | 间 接 |
| this | that | will | would |
| these | those | three years ago | three years before |
| here | there | last year | the year before |
| come | go | this year | that year |
| bring | take | next year | the next / the following year |
| can | could | today | that day |
| may | might | yesterday | the day before |
| must | must/had to | tomorrow | the next/following day |
| shall | should | now | then |
Direct Speech & Indirect speech
1. He said, “I like it very much.”
2. Tom said to me, “I broke your CD player.”
3. He said,”I am afraid I cannot finish the work.”
4. He said,” I’m using the knife.”
5. She said, “I’ve not heard from him since May.”
6. He said ,”I came to help you.”
7. He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”
8. She said, “I’ll do it after class.”
9. She said, “I’ll finish the work this morning.”
10. He said, “These books are mine.”
11. He said, “It’s nine now.
12. He said,“I haven’t seen her today.”
13. She said,“I went there yesterday.”
14. She said, “I’ll go there tomorrow.”
15. She said, “He left 30 minutes ago.”
16. He said,” My sister was here one week ago.”
17. She said. “I’ll come here this evening.”
18. He said,“Light travels much faster than sound.”
19. He said, “Are you interested in English?”
20. He asked her, “Are you pleased?”
21. She asked me, “Have you finished the work?”
22. He said,” Did you see him last night?”
23. She asked me, “Where have you been all these years?”
24. He asked her, “How much does the necklace cost?”
25.“What can I do for you?” he asked me.
26. She asked, “What is it? What’s going to happen now?”
27. The boy was wondering, “How does the computer work?”
28.“Why do you speak English so fluently?” I said to him.
29. He asked me, “Do you study English or French?”
30. “Is there anything wrong, Madam?” asked the policeman.
31. He said, “Are you ready?”
32. “What do you want?” he asked me.
33. She said to Tom, “How are you feeling now?”
34. “Make sure the door is shut ,” she said to her little son.
35. “Don’t smoke in the room,” he said to me.
36. He told me not to smoke in the room.
37. “Open the door.” he said.
38. “Put up your hand.” he said.
39. “Be quiet.” The teacher said to the students.
40. “Don’t sleep in class.” the teacher said to the students.
41. The teacher told the students not to sleep in class.
42. His parents told him not to laugh at others.
43. He told him not to touch anything.
44. “Please open your book .” the teacher said.
45. “Please don’t leave me.” she said to him.
46. “Please turn off the lights when you leave the classroom.” the teacher said to him.
47. “Would you please open the window” he said.
48. “May I borrow your pen.” he said.
49. “Don’t open your books,” the teacher said to us.
50. “Can I speak to the girl?” asked the boy.
51. He said, “I can do it for you.”
52. “Are you leaving this evening?” John asked me.
53. He said, “How soon will you finish your work?”
54. “Please come with me, Tom,” said she.
55. "Wait for me, please," the girl said to her mother.
56. He told Dr Bethune not to go on operating any more.
57. “Get up early Tony. You’ll be late for class.” his mother said to him.
58. “Don’t disturb the sleeping baby.” Mary said.
59. "Put away all the books." Mr Wu said.
60. “Don’t cross the road without looking around.” The mother said to the boy.
61. The landlady asked him not to put it on the peg.
62. The commander ordered the soldiers not to move.
63. Mother told me to lock the door after mid-night.
64. She told us to help her tidy the room.
65. “The earth goes around the sun”, said the teacher.
66. “Life isn’t always easy,” said the mother.
67. “Would you go to see a film with me next Sunday?” asked he.
68. “May I have a look at it?” asked Jim.
69. “Let me help you.” said he.
答案:
1. He said that he liked it very much
2. Tom told me that he had broken my CD player.
3. He said that he was afraid he could ‘t finish the work.”
4. He said that he was using the knife.
5. She said that she had not heard from him since May.
6. He said that he had come to help me.
7. He said that he had finished his homework before supper.
8. She said that she would do it after class.
9. She said that she would finish the work that morning.
10. He said that those books were his.
11. He said that it was nine then
12. She said that she had gone there the day before.
13. She said that she would go there the next/following day.
14. She said that he had left 30 minutes before.
15. He said that his sister had been there one week before.
16. He said,” My sister was here one week ago.”
17. She said that she would go there that evening.
18. He said that light travels much faster than sound.
19. H e said if I was interested in English.
20. He asked her if she was pleased.
21. She asked me whether I had finished the work.
22. He asked (me) whether I had seen him the night before.
23. She asked me where I had been all those years.
24. He asked her how much the necklace cost.
25. He asked (me) what he could do for me.
26. She asked me what it was and what was going to happen then.
27. The boy was wondering how the computer worked.
28. I asked him why he spoke English so fluently.
29. He asked me whether I studied English or French.
30. The policeman asked Madam if there was anything wrong.
31. She asked us if we were ready.
32. He asked me what I wanted.
33. She asked Tom how he was feeling then
34. She told her little son to make sure the door was shut.
35. He told/ordered me to open the door.
36. He told me not to smoke in the room.
37. He told/ordered me to open the door.
38. He ordered/told me to put up my hand.
39. The teacher told/ordered the students to be quite.
40. The teacher told the students not to sleep in class.
41. His parents told him not to laugh at others.
42. He told him not to touch anything.
43. The teacher asked the students to open the book.
44. She begged him not to leave her.
45. The teacher asked him to turn off the lights when he left the classroom.
46. He asked me to open the window.
47. He asked me to lend him my pen.
48. The teacher asked the students to open the book.
49. The boy asked if he could speak to the girl.
50. He said that he could do it for me.
51. John asked me if I was leaving that evening.
52. He asked how soon I would my work.
53. She told Tom to go with her.
54. The girl asked her mother to wait for her.
55. He said to Dr Bethune, “Don’t go on operating any more.”
56. His mother told Tony to get up early or he would be late for class.
57. Mary asked them not to disturb the sleeping baby.
58. Mr Wu told the students to put away all the books.
59. The mother told the boy not to cross the road without looking around
60. The landlady said to him, “Don’t put it on the peg.”
61. The commander said to the soldiers, “Don’t move.”
62. Mother said to me, “Lock the door after midnight.”
63. She said to us, "Help me tidy the room."
64. The teacher. said the earth goes around the sun.
65. The mother said life isn’t always easy.
66. He asked me to go to see a film with me next Sunday.
67. Jim asked me to have a look at it.
68. He asked me to let him help me.