高三英语语法复习专题(8)
Unit8 情态动词
¯一、考点聚焦
1、 情态动词的基本用法
(1)can、be able to 和could
①can和be able to都表示能力,意思上没多大区别。但can只有现在和过去时,而be able to则有更多的形式。但当成功地完成某一具体动作时,通常不用could而用was/were able to来表示。这时was/were able to 相当于managed to,表示经过一番努力,终于能够完成某事。如:
Can you use chopsticks?
The wounded man still was able to get to the village and was saved in the
end.
②can和could
can和could都可以表示能力、技能、许可、建议或请求和可能性。但比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法,一般用could,回答时则用can。如:
Could you help me carry the bag?
Can I help you?
(2)may/might
①may/might表示可能,但may比might可能性大。如:-Why isn’t he in class?
He may be sick.(生病的可能性较大)
—
He might be sick.(生病的可能性较小)
②may/might表示“允许”,may用于现在时或将来时,might常用在间接引语中表过去时,但might也可用于现在时间,表示比较委婉的语气,回答用may。如:
He says we may leave.
He said we might leave.
③may / might 表示建议或请求,但might比may 更客气,意思更肯定而无过去时态的含义。
Yes, you can / may.
—May / Might I use your bike? —
No, you mustn’t
(3)must
①must表示必须,应该,没有时态变化。如:
You must do everything as I do.
②must表示肯定的推测。如:
The light is still on, so he must be at home.
③mustn’t 表示禁止做某事。如:
You mustn’t smoke in the office.
(4)have to
have to 表示“必须、不得不”,是由于某种外界(客观)原因而“必须”,“不得不”做某事,也可表示经常的或习惯性的事“必须”做。have to的否定形式表示不必。have to可用于多种时态中。如:
You will have to clean your own boots when you join the army.
I have to be at my office every evening.
(5)should / ought to
①should和ought to表示应当、应该,前者比后者语气轻。如:
You should / ought to work hard.
②should / ought to work hard.
Since she is not here, whe should / ought to be in the classroom.
③should / ought to的否定形式表示禁止之意。如:
Children shouldn’t smoke.
④should可表示陈述意见,推出建议或请求;而ought to可以表示劝告之意。如:
You ought to respect your parents.
He suggested that they should leave at once.
(6)will / would
①will 用于各种人称表示“意志”、“意愿”或“决心”等,否定式won’t + 动词。如:
I will tell you all about it.
Tom won’t do such a thing.
②will用于疑问句中,常用在第二称时表示说话人向对方提出“请求”或“询问”如:
Will you please tell her the news when you see her?
③will 表示习惯性的动作,有“总是”、“惯于”的含义。如:
Fish will die out of water.
④would 表示客气的请求、建议或意愿。如:
Would you please be quiet?
Would you like coffee?
⑤would 表示过去反复发生的动作。如:
When I passed my school I would see my teachers who taught me 5 years ago.
(7)need
need 作“必要”讲,既可作情态动词,也可作实义动词。作实义动词时后面的动词不定式要带to,其变化与一般动词相同。如:
I need to think it over.
—Need you go now? —Yes, I must./No, I needn’t
(8)dare
dare表示“敢”的意思。作为情态动词时,主要用在疑问句和否定句中。dare若作实义动词,后面可带to的不定式,此时to也可以省略。dare与need的用法相似。如:
How dare you say that?
She doesn’t date(to)ask her father.
(9)used to
used to表示过去常常发生的动作或存在的习惯,但现在已不复存在了。如:
He used to smoke.
(10)shall
①shall作为情态动词用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的意愿,有“命令”、“警告、威胁、强制”和“允许”等意思。如:
We shall do as our teacher says.
You shall have the book as soon as I finish it.
②在疑问句中,shall用于征求对方的意见或请求指示,常用于第一、第三人称。如:
Where shall he wait for us?
Shall we go out for a walk?
2、情态动词表示推测或判断的用法
下表即是表示推测的情态动词使用的场合:
情态动词 | 对现在和未来的推测 | 对过去的推测 | 使 用 场 合 |
must | must + 动词原形 | must have done | 肯定句 |
may / might | may / might + 动词原形 | May / might have done | 肯定句、否定句 |
can /could | can / could do | Can / could have done | 否定句、疑问名(could可用于肯定句) |
should | 用来表示一种估计的情况“按理会/估计会”should do/be | should have done | 肯定句、否定句、疑问句 |
例如:
It must have rained last night.
She may not be at home. = It is possible that she is not at home.
She can’t be at home. = It is impossible that she is at home.
They should be there right now.
3、情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法
情态动词用于虚拟语气中表示责备的感情色彩,用法如下:
(1)should have done表示“本来应该做某事而实际上未做”,而shouldn’t have done则表示“本不应该做某事而实际上做了”。如:
You should have told me about it earlier.
You shouldn’t have said such words to your parents.
(2)ought to have done也表示“本应该……”而ought not to have done则意为“本不应该……”。如:
You ought to have told me about it earlier.
You ought not to have said such words to your parents.
(3)needn’t have done表示“本无必要做某事而实际上做了”。如:
You needn’t have walked so quickly since time was enough.
(4)could have done表示“本来有可能……而事实上未做到”。如:
I could have come on time, but my car broke on the way.
ù二、精典名题导解
选择填空
1. I was really anxious about you. You________home without a word.(NMET 2001)
A.mustn’t have B.shouldn’t have left
C.couldn’t have left D.needn’t have
解析:答案为B。本题考查的是情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法。题目给出的条件是“我确实非常担心你”,因此后面可知应是责备you不应该没说一句话就离开了。
2.—Are you coming to Jeff’s party?
—I’m not sure. I__________ go to the concert instead.(NMET 2000)
A.must B.would C.should D.might
解析:答案为D。本题考查情态动词的基本用法。由题目中“I’m not sure”,表明我可能去Jeff’s party,也可能去音乐会,故用might。
3. —Will you stay for lunch?
—Sorry, ____________. My brother is coming to see me.(NMET 99)
A.I mustn’t B.I can’t C.I needn’t D.I won’t
解析:答案为B。本题考查表示请求的英语口语,用will来向第二人称提问的疑问结构,是表示一种请求和意愿,是用疑问的形式来表达较为婉转的祈使语气,意思是“请你……,好吗”,对于这种问句的肯定回答是:Suree! Gertainly! Yes, of course. I’d be glad to 等;否定回答通常是:I’m sorry, I can’t. No, I’m afraid I can’t. I’m sorry, but … I’d like to, but …等。注意情态动词表客气的用法及其在一般疑问句中的问与答。