Units 19—20
一．语法精讲
1．宾语（the object）
宾语主要分为两类：直接宾语（the Direct Object）和间接宾语（the Indirect Object）直接宾语由谓语直接引起的事物是动作的直接承受者或结果，间接宾语表示动作间接承受者（给谁或为谁而做）。
若直接宾语放在动词之后，间接宾语要用介词to或for：
I’ll return you the book tomorrow.
= I’ll return the book to you tomorrow.
我明天把书还你
Fetch us a few chairs, will you?
= Fetch a few chairs for us, will you?
下列动词常用for引导间接宾语：make, buy, do, fetch, get, paint, save, spare, cook, sing等。
2．宾语表示法
宾语可由名词，代词宾格，数词，动词不定式，v-ing形式及从句来表示。
复合宾语结构：
常用的复合宾语结构有：
①名词（代词）+不定式
②名词（代词）+动词-ing形式
③名词（代词）+形容词
④名词（代词）+副词
⑤名词（代词）+介词短语
⑥名词（代词）+名词
⑦it+形容词（或名词）+不定式
3．常接不定式或-ing式做动词宾语的动词归纳
（1）只能接不定式做宾语不能接-ing式做宾语的动词：
learn, manage, promise, fail, hope, decide, hesitate, wish, expect, ask, agree, dare, offer, plan, pretend, refuse等。
（2）只能接-ing式做宾语，而不能接不定式做宾语的动词：
finish, mind, practise, escape, enjoy, miss, delay, imagine, appreciate, understand, suggest, excuse, stop等。
（3）即可以接不定式做宾语，又可以接-ing形式做宾语的动词：
i．两者意义区别不大，基本可以互换：
begin, start, continue.
ii．两者稍有区别：
like, love, dislike, hate prefer.
iii．两者意思根本不同：
forget, remember, regret, mean, try.
二．重难点解释：
1．The language which the Maori speak is related to the languages of Tahit and Hawail.
毛利人所说的语言同塔希提岛和夏威夷的语言有关。
relate为及物动词和不及物动词，意思是“和……关联；把……与……关联起来。
How on earth does his speech relate to what we are discussing now?
他的发言和我们现在正在讨论的事情究意有什么关系？
His character is deeply related to his unhappy childhood.
他的性格与他不幸的孩提时代有着密切的关系。
I think we may relate these two accidents.
我认为我们可以把这两起事故联系在一起。
注意：在否定句中，有时作：“（友好）相处，相处融洽”讲。
如：
The two brothers can’t relate to each other.
这两个兄弟合不来。
2．This is how they keep their way of life alive.
他们就是这样保持自己的生活方式。
alive为表语形容词，在此句中做宾语补足语。
This snake is still alive.这条蛇还活着。（做表语）
We caught a spy alive.我们活捉了一个间谋。（做后置定语）
We found the old man alive.
我们发现老人还活着。（alive做宾语补足语）
keep sth. alive（或be kept alive）是“使……继续有效；存在或进行”的意思。如：
We must keep a good state of mind alive during the college entrance examinations.
高考期间我们要保持良好的心理状态。
3．Many people will sleep and eat on the marae during these three days and share their memories of the dead person.
这三天里，许多人吃，睡都在麦利会堂，共同悼念亲人。
share作为及物动词时，有“分享；分担；共同具有”等意思，共后可以接介词in，in常常省去。如：
Real friends should share their sorrows as well as joys.
真正的朋友就应当分担忧愁，分享快乐。
At the birthday party, we shared a big cake.
在生日宴会上，我们吃生日蛋糕。
Why not share the expenses among us?
我们为何不一起来分担费用呢？
share做名词时，意思是“份儿，分配（额）；分派；分配”讲。如：
What’s my share of the expenses?
我应分摊的费用是多少？
She has bought 10,000 shares in the company.
她买了1万股那家公司的股份。
4．Maori children are taught at an early age what to do when they come to the marae.
毛利儿童很小就被教会他们来到麦利堂时该做些什么？
该句中when they come to the marae是不定式what to do的时间状语。What to do是are taught的宾语。
英语中有些动词需要接wh-word to do sth.（带有连接词的不定式）。如：
He is learning how to drive a car.
他在学习开车。（how在句中是不可省的）
I know how to get there.我知道怎么到那儿。
常接带wh-to do做宾语的动词有：
remember, learn, see, know, decide, wonder, ask, hear, discuss等。
5．Some farmers have turned to keeping deer, and…
有些农场主已经转而养鹿了。
此句中，turn to作“转弯”“转向”“变成”讲。如：
Our conversation turned to China’s reform.
我们的话题转向中国改革。
He turned to Communism in his thirties.
他三十岁时转而信仰共产主义。
turn to还有其他意思。如：
The room was very dirty, but we all turned to and soon had it tidy.
房间很脏，但我们大家一齐动手，很快就把它打扫干净。（着手工作，忙着干起来）
Don’t hesitate to turn to us if you are in difficulty.
你若有困难，尽管来找我们好了。（求助于）
The ice turned to water.冰化成水。（变成）
He turned to the study and practice of medicine.
他从事于医学的研究和实践。（致力于）
6．Apart from their milk, the wool from their coats is used in expensive clothing.
除了羊奶外，山羊绒可用来制成昂贵的服装。
apart from作“除了”、“除了……之外”在意思上相近于besides。主要和名词与动词-ing连用。如：
Apart from sugar, there is some water in an apple.
苹果除了糖分以外，还有些水分。
He has no other interests, apart from his work.
除了自己的工作之外，他没有其他的爱好。
7．New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.
新西兰的酒质量好，销往世界各地。
“of high quality”是“of+n.”结构，常用来描写人或事物的特征。在句中可做表语（该句）或定语。如：
Reading widely is of great help to me.
(=Reading widely is very helpful to me.)
博览群书对我有很大帮助。
My brother is of age.我兄弟长大了。
The earth is of a round shape.
(=The earth is round)地球是圆的。
He is a man of great courage.他是个勇气非凡的人。
8．As the Maori had no written language, the stories of Maori history were handed down from generation to generation.
由于毛利人没有书面语言，所以有关毛利历史的传说是一代一代口传下来的。
该句中hand down的意思是“传”（尤指从上代往下代传）。如：
Mother handed down the clothes from one child to the next.
母亲把孩子穿旧的衣服传给了弟弟（或妹妹）穿。
The old story was handed down from father to son.
这个古老的故事从父亲传到了儿子。
由hand组成的短语：
（1）hand back归还，交还
Please remember to hand back your room key before leaving the hotel.
在离开旅馆之前请不要忘记交还你的房间钥匙。
（2）hand in交进，提交，呈送
Be sure to hand in you compositions this afternoon.
务必在今天下午把作文交来。
（3）hand on转交
Will you hand on this telegram to your friend?
请把这份电报转交你的朋友好吗？
（4）hand out拿出，取出；分发，散发；免费分发
The nurse handed out biscuits to the children.
保育员把饼干分发给孩子们。
9．This experience was to change his life.
这次经历后来改变了他的生活。
在第17单元Lesson 65课文中也有类似结构的句子：
Those first words were to change my world.
我最先学的这些单词将会改变我的生活天地。
Be+to+v.表示“以后将会发生的事”。这种结构表示说话人对将来发生的动作判断，带有明显的感情色彩。
His mother’s words were to encourage him to study even harder.
（那时）母亲的一席话会鼓励他更加努力学习。
The meeting were to be held the next year.
这会议会在转年举行。
10．On his return to India he had the chance to travel to South Africa to work on a law case.
他一回到印度，就得到一个去南非的机会，到那里去处理一件案子。
On his return中的介词on表示时间，意思是“在……时候”或“一……就……”，强调两个动作先后随即发生，其后接具有动词意义的名词或动词-ing式。
On his arrival at the airport, he was arrested by the police.
=On arriving at the airport, he was arrested by the police.
=As soon as he arrived at the airport, he was arrested by the police.
他一到机场就被警察逮捕了。
On receiving the letter, he thanked the Chinese Government for its support.
在收到这封信后他对中国政府的支持表示感谢。
11．He had a gift for thinking up ways of making political points.
他有一种才华，能想方法使政治论点为人信服。
此句中gift意思为“天才”，“天赋”，“天资”。
A great artist must have a gift for painting.
一位伟大的画家必须具有绘画天才。
He is a boy of many gifts.他是个多才多艺的少年。
think up作“想出（主意）”解，有“发明”“编造”的含意。如：
Finally, he thought up ways to overcome the difficulty.
最后，他终于想出了克服困难的方法。
Can you think up a caption（标题）that exactly covers the whole idea?
你能想出一个把整个意思确切地加以概括的标题吗？
12．Following this, 60,000 Indians, including Gandhi, were put in prison.
在这个事件之后，有6万印度人，包括甘地在内，被投入监狱。
此句中following为介词，意思是“在……之后”，“经过”，“跟着”。
Following the meeting, coffee will be served.
会后将招待咖啡。
Following the event, a war broke out between the two countries.
这个事件之后，两国间爆发了战争。
following还有形容词表示“接着的”，“其次的”。
If that was Sunday, then the following day must have been Monday.
如果那天是星期日的话，那么转天就是星期一了。
following还有名词词性，表示“一批追随者”，“一批拥护者”，不习惯在词尾加-s。
The politician has quite a large following in the district.
那位政治家在那地区有一大批追随者。
13．At this period India living in South Africa were badly treated by South African whites.
这个时期，居住在南非在的印度人受到南非白人的虐待。
句中的badly是副词，基本的意思是“坏地，不好的，拙劣地。”一般要根据上下文来翻译成汉语。如：
I was badly wounded in the accident.
在这场事故中我伤得很重。
The wall was badly painted.
这墙壁油漆得很差劲。
He behaved badly.他行为不良。
She was wearing a badly-fitting dress.她穿了一件不合身的衣服。
badly与want, need连用可以表示程度。
He wants to go abroad badly.他很想出国。
He was badly beaten.他被打得很惨。
They needed to help badly.他们急需帮助。
14．The secret lies in the title of the book which he wrote about his early life, “The story of my experiments with truth”.
他写过一本有关他早年生活的书，书的标题是《我体验真理的故事》，奥妙就体现在这个标题中。
句中的lie in作“在于”解。例如：
The accident lies partly in the driver himself.
这场事故（原因）部分在于驾驶员本身。
The question lies in the engine.问题就发在发电机上。
15．At the time of his death, on person praised as follows:” Future generation, it may be, will hardly believe that such a person as this walked upon this earth.”
在他逝世的时候，有人对甘地作过如下的赞誉：“后代人也许难以相信，在这个人世间，曾经有过样的一个人走过。”
（1）as follows为一个固定词组，做“如下”解，用以引下文。例如：
His idea is as follows.他的想法如下。
He received a note which ran as follows.
他收到一张便条，内容如下。
（2） “it may be”是个插入语，它与副词(maybe/ perhaps)在意思上是很接近的。例如：
The guest, it may be, could phone you tonight.
这住客可能今晚给你打电话。
This, it may be, is the best choice at present.
这也许是目前最佳的选择。
16．Finally, as a result of the unrest among the Indian population, the leader of South Africa had to give in.
最后，由于印度居民的骚乱，南非首领不得不作出让步。
（1）as a result of是个固定短语，意思是“由于”，“因为”，“其结果是”。例如：
He was late for school as a result of the traffic jam.
他上学迟到是因为交通阻塞。
Two people have already died as a result of the accident.发生意外故事的结果是二人丧生。
（2）population在该句中译为“居民”
population为集合名词，在作“人口”讲时，为单数性，若它做主语谓语要用单数；在作“居民”讲时，它为复数性，若它作主语谓语要用复数形式。例如：
What’s the population of the town?
这个小镇有多少人口？
The whole population of the town were pleased at the news.
全体城镇居民听到这个消息都很高兴。
（3）give in是“妥协”“让步”“投降”的意思。例如：
The enemy had no choice but to give in.
敌人别人选择只得投降。
Both sides argued with reason, and neither would give in。
双方都振振有词地辩论着，谁也不服谁。
注意：give in也可作为及物动词短语，其后可以加宾语，其意思是“交进，交上”的意思。如：
Please give in your exercise books now.
现在请把练习簿交上来。
At the meeting the engineer gave in his report.
在会上这位工程师提交了报告。
17．Gandhi was much more than a clever lawyer,…
甘地远不只是一个聪明的律师，……
句中，much是用来修饰more than…,表示“大大超过……”
I paid much more than I should.
我付的钱要比我该付的要多得多。
His speech is much more than a report.
他的发言远不只是一个报告。
18．He felt free to talk about his failures or his difficulties.
他可以无拘束地谈论他的失败和困难。
Because of his actions, all Indians were finally free to draw water from the same village well,…由于他的支持，所有印度人终于能够自由地在村子里同一口井中打水喝。
两句中均有free，作为形容词它的意思是：“自由的、没有束缚的”，“任意的、随意的”，其后接不定式结构。
You are free to go or to stay.要走要留悉听尊便。
Please fell free to use my computer.
要使用我的计算机请随意。
19．hard与hardly有区别
hard和hardly都有副词词性，但意思完全不同的。
hard作为副词其意思是“努力地”、“使劲地”、“猛烈地”。
It was raining hard(heavily).在下大雨。
He studied hard at school.他上学时，学习很努力。
而hardly作为副词，意为“几乎不”“几乎没有”。
I can hardly understand you.我几乎不明白你的意思。
We hardly recognized him when he returned to hometown.
当他返回家乡时，我几乎不认识他了。
注意：①hardly放在句首时，句子要使用部分倒装句式。例如：
Hardly did I believe him.我几乎不相信他所说的话。
Hardly will you recognize your hometown in ten years.
十年后你会几乎认不出你的家乡。
②常用的句型：Hardly+主语+过去分词+when+主语+过去式。该句型表示“一……就……”例如：
Hardly had I arrived home when the telephone rang.
我刚一到家，电话就响了。
Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.
测试题
I．单项选择
1．—Good morning, _______? The name is Susan Williams.
—Two letters, madam, and a postcard.
A．is there any mail for me B．could you post these letters for me
C．is that Julie speaking D．what can I do for you
2．She won’t be able to come next week, because she _______ herself in Mount Tai then.
A．enjoys B．will be enjoying C．is enjoying D．will have enjoying
3．—Mum, I’m going to visit my aunt. What about staying there for one week?
—One week is too long. Try to be back in a _______ days.
A．number of B．dozen of C．couple of D．score of
4．Our headmaster sent Mrs. Shelly some very _______ plates as a present.
A．blue and white expensive china B．china expensive blue and white
C．expensive blue and white china D．china blue and white expensive
5．It’s quite obvious that the aging population is China will cause _______ heavy burden on ______ whole society in the future.
A．不填；a B．a；the C．the；a D．a；不填
6．You have made a few mistakes in your composition but _______ you have done well.
A．first of all B．on the whole C．on the other hand D．above all
7．—I didn’t go to class last night because my car broke down.
—You _______ mine. I wasn’t using it.
A．could borrow B．could have borrowed
C．must have borrowed D．should borrow
8．I really think I should have been invited to the party. I’m very unhappy ______ I wasn’t.
A．why B．when C．that D．what
9．_______, it began to run unexpectedly.
A．While cleaning the machine B．To clean the machine
C．He was cleaning the machine D．While he was cleaning the machine
10．—May I borrow these four books?
—_______. You may keep all of them for two days.
A．Of course not B．By all manes
C．Sorry, I’m afraid not D．By no means
11．She was talking about her family but _______ about her son, who was studying abroad.
A．most B．almost
C．mostly D．nearly
12．—Did you know anything about the performance to take place in Shanghai? —_______.
A．Not even you told me B．Not if you told me
C．Not whether you would tell me D．Not until you told me
13．First the famous singer sang herself, and later the audience _______ her song. They were all excited then.
A．took out B．took away
C．took up D．took in
14．Cedric was so angry that he kicked a chair and broke one of its legs, _______ was rather funny.
A．as B．It
C．that D．which
15．—I suppose Susan is late again for the meeting. —You _______ it!
A．have guessed B．will guess
C．guess D．are guessing
II．完形填空
An elderly carpenter（木匠）was ready to retire. He told his employer of his ___16___ to leave the house building ___17___ and live a more leisurely life with his wife, ___18___ time with his extended family. He would ___19___ the pay, but he needed to retire. They could ___20___.
The employer was ___21___ to see such a good worker leave and asked if he could build just one more house as a personal ___22___. The carpenter said yes, but in time it was ___23___ to see that his heart was not in his work. He built the house ___24___ and used poor materials. It was an ___25___ way to end his career.
When the carpenter ___26___ his work, the employer handed the front-door key to the carpenter. “This is your house, ” he said, “my ___27___ to you.”
What a shock! What a ___28___! If he had only known he was building his ___29___ house, he would have done it all so ___30___. Now he had to live in the home he had built none too well.
___31___ it is with us. We build our ___32___ in a distracted（心不在焉的）way, reacting rather than acting, willing to put up less than the best. At ___33___ points we do give the job our best effort. Then with a shock we look at the situation we have ___34___ and find that we are now living in the house we have built. If we had ___35___, we would have done it differently.
16．A．retirement B．problem C．purpose D．plans
17．A．business B．site C．teams D．workers
18．A．spending B．dividing C．enjoying D．sparing
19．A．consider B．miss C．raise D．save
20．A．get by B．get along C．get back D．get around
21．A．ashamed B．anxious C．frightened D．sorry
22．A．favor B．bargain C．present D．reply
23．A．frank B．probably C．easy D．content
24．A．sadly B．carelessly C．slowly D．proudly
25．A．unfair B．unhappy C．unfortunate D．unlucky
26．A．checked B．discovered C．prepared D．finished
27．A．gift B．salary C．memory D．punishment
28．A．quality B．prize C．shame D．surprise
29．A．final B．best C．everlasting D．own
30．A．differently B．quickly C．hard D．happily
31．A．Then B．So C．But D．Whatever
32．A．houses B．bodies C．glories D．lives
33．A．difficult B．main C．strong D．important
34．A．created B．faced C．improved D．avoided
35．A．recognized B．known C．realized D．previewed
Ⅲ．阅读理解
A
Oh, my nose is bleeding! Oh, Susan sprained（扭伤）her leg while jumping! In daily life, it’s possible that we suffer such problems. But don’t be worried, we can cope with these situations. But if it is too serious, we should make sure we see a doctor quickly.
* How to deal with a sprained leg:
1．Dip a towel（毛巾）into cold water.
2．Put the wet towel or ice onto the injured part of the leg to make the swelling（肿胀）go down.
3．If the sprain is serious, use a medicated plaster（医用膏药）to the injured part. The old plaster should be replaced by a new every two or three days or if it goes wet. Try putting as little pressure as possible on the sprained part. The person suffering from the sprain should recover within ten day.
* How to deal with leg muscle spasm（肌肉痉挛）：
Lie down or sit down and rest the leg suffering spasm in a high place. Then massage (按摩)the muscle gently
* How to deal with nose bleeds:
1．Sit down as soon as possible.
2．Spit out the blood which has flowed into the mouth.
3．Lift the head back and use fingers to tightly close the nostril（鼻孔）for about 15 minutes. Meanwhile, put cold wet towels onto the forehead and the back part of the neck.
36．In the first paragraph, the underlined word “cope with” probably means____。
A．fight with B．deal with C．work at D．get into
37．If your leg is seriously sprained, you should ____.
A．dip a towel into cold water
B．try to make the swelling go down
C．use a medicated plaster to the injured part
D．press the sprained leg hard every day
38．Which of the following is the best if we give the passage a title?
A．How to Stop a Bloody Nose
B．How to Give Somebody First Aid
C．How to See a Doctor
D．How to Recover from the Sprain
B
Students Pay to Change to Popular Majors（专业）
For most students in universities 20,000 yuan is a big sum. But Xiao Wang paid the money soon after she learned that she could change to the popular Economics Department.
By paying 20,000 yuan with the help of her parents, Xiao Wang can study the economics major she prefers. “It is difficult for graduates in chemistry to find a good job in recent years,” she said Xiao Wang in only one of the many freshmen that pay to change to popular majors. Many universities throughout China offer similar services. The charges for changing majors are from 5,000 yuan to 80,000 yuan according to recent report on the YangZi Evening News. The fee（费用）is decided by university authorities based on the popularity of each major, the report said. The most popular majors include computer science, law, finance（金融）,information engineering and foreign languages. A saying popular among students may explain the phenomenon（现象）.Studying a good major is much better than studying in a famous university.
Some educators warn students against rushing blindly to today’s popular majors. They may not be popular years later, the China Youth Daily said. But it seems that many students are career-oriented（以职业为宗旨的）,instead of being interest-based.
Freshmen are allowed to change to other departments according to rules of the Ministry of Education. But there are no official rules on the charges. In spite of the high charges, demands to change majors are still increasing. The paper said about 100 students in the English language department of a school in Harbin changed from other departments. The department planed to admit only 50 freshmen this year.
These charges have become a big income for some universities, the paper said. It is expected a normal school in Harbin will get an income of 30 million yuan this year.
39．Xiao Wang would rather pay 20,000 yuan to change to the Economics Department because ____.
A．her parents have persuaded her to do so
B．she prefers to study the major
C．she can have a promising future
D．transferring to another major is very popular in university.
40．The followings are the most popular majors in China today except ____.
A．law B．computer C．English D．chemistry
41．The fees that freshmen hand in to change to a new major are decided by ____
A．headmasters
B．the Minister of Education
C．university authorities
D．the China Youth Daily
C
(US $ million)
| Country or Area | Manufacturing | Resources Development | Commerce and Services | Others | Total |
| A | 722 | 38 | 8952 | 137 | 9849 |
| B | 2049 | 4 | 571 | 107 | 2731 |
| C | 2937 | 12 | 3630 | 101 | 6680 |
| D | 3657 | 6813 | 1209 | 12 | 11691 |
| E | 716 | 84 | 1952 | 71 | 1823 |
The Chart above shows Japanese direct investment（投资）in five Asian countries or areas（A，B，C，D and E）from 1951 till 1990. The value of Japanese investment in manufacturing（制造业）was roughly the same in Hong Kong and in China, but in commerce（商业）and services Hong Kong was over China by seven billion dollars(=7,000 million dollars). In resources development, Japan didn’t show great interest in Singapore and even smaller attention was paid to Taiwan, which received exactly one third as much money as Singapore. In total, the biggest investment by Japan was made in Indonesia.
42．In total, Japan invested ____ more in Hong Kong than in Singapore.
A．about 3.2 billion dollars B．about 7.1 billion dollars
C．about 8.7 billion dollars D．about 4.1 billion dollars
43．____ attracted Japan most in terms of resources development.
A．China B．Hong Kong C．Indonesia D．Singapore
44．Taiwan was the only area where Japan’s investment was larger in ____ than in any other field.
A．commerce and services B．manufacturing
C．others D．resources development
45．Which is right according to the passage?
A．In total, Japan invested more in Taiwan than in Singapore.
B．Japan’s investment in commerce and services in Singapore was about three times that in Indonesia.
C．Regarding Indonesia, Japan invested more than twice as much money in resources development as in manufacturing.
D．In the field of “others”, Hong Kong ranked second.
Ⅳ．短文改错
Stop reading for a minute and think about how 1．______________
you see when you look up in sky on a clear night. 21．______________
You may see many stars. Long long before, farmers 3．______________
watched some stars to know when to plant his 4．______________
crops; travelers do so to find their way in the dark. 5．______________
Today stars are yet important to some people. 6．______________
Scientists find out that most of the stars is 7．______________
very big. As a matter of fact, some stars are so far 8．______________
away from us that it would cost millions of light- 9．______________
years to get to them even by a spaceship. 10．______________
参考答案
Ⅰ．1—5 ABCCB 6— BBCDB 11—15 CDCDA
Ⅱ．16—20 DACBA 21—25 DACBC 26—30 DACDA 31—35 BDDAC
Ⅲ．36—40 BCBCD 41—45 CACBB
Ⅳ．1．how→what 2．in sky→in the sky 3．before→ago
4．his→their 5．do→did 6．yet→still
7．is→are 8．√ 9．cost→take 10．by a→by /by→in