江苏省和桥高级中学2006届高考英语完形填空解题指导
一.命题启示
完形填空注重在语境中考查词义。几乎所有的备选项,都要通过联系上文或下文或上下文而确定。因此答案有的由一个句子决定,有的由相邻不远的一组句子决定,还有的由语篇内容综合决定。因此,设空从考点层次上分由小到大分为四类:单词层次,词组层次,句子层次与语篇层次。从命题的角度看又可分为三类:(1)前制性设空;(2)后制性设空;(3)<前后制性>语篇性设空。不言而喻,前制性设空难度低,后制性设空难度较高,<前后制性>语篇性设空难度最高。一般说来,三个层次的设空比例各占三分之一。但是,从近年来的高考试题看,语篇层次设空的比例有所增加,超过了三分之一,反映出“突出语篇”的命题思路。
为了让考生迅速进入主题,为理解文章奠定基础,命题者在设计完形填空题时,总是保留一个完整或基本完整的句子不设空。这个不设空的句子就是提示句,往往出现在文章的开头。通过提示句,考生可以确定文章的话题、主题、背景、人物、时间、地点、事件等,也可以确定文体,从而适当地把握文章的发展方向,达到顺利“完形”的目的。文章的其余部分也可能出现一些不设空的句子,或者即使设空、但主干作为提示句。
二.解题指导
(一)解题步骤
第一步:关注首句,启示全文
完形填空所选短文多没有标题,但一般首句是一个不设空(或较简单)的完整的句子,往往用以点明短文的体裁,如议论、说明或叙述等。因此,我们在解题时一定要注意以首句的时态、语态及表述方式为立足点来进行逻辑思维,判断文章体裁,找出文章中心,以帮助我们理解。
第二步:通读全文,把握大意
做完形填空时要注意文章开头提示句的点题作用和短文中完整句的启示作用。首先要快速浏览全文,弄清各段落之间,各层次之间的内在联系,把握文章的完整性。只有这样才符合这种题型的解题思路。
第三步:瞻前顾后,先易后难
大致把握了全文的大意和作者的意图之后,就可以根据上下文,选取与文意最贴切的选项。在解题过程中,我们应该遵循“先易后难”的原则,遇到少数疑难问题时不可徘徊不前。为了不影响做题速度,我们可以暂时跳过难点,去解决那些靠上下文能确定的、比较直接具体的问题。或许在上文中难以判断的题在下文中就有暗示或明确的表示,或许一个在前面不能解的题在填出了另一空后会令你豁然开朗。一般说来,固定词组、习惯搭配、常见句型及明显的语法结构等易于判断。
第四步:上下连贯,合乎逻辑
捕捉题眼,要迅速找到语篇中的特殊的内在的逻辑关系——表示因果、递进、转折、指代等意义的连接词或动词、形容词、副词、同位语等,还有那些明确具体的事实(如时间、地点、人物、形状、色彩、顺序),以及它们之间的联系等等。
第五步:代入答案,复查全文
复查时从意义和语法两个角度考虑,着眼于全篇。特别注意的是,我们所选的是“最佳”选项而不是“正确”答案。
上述步骤可概括为:(一步二步)粗读寻思路,(三步四步)细读选答案,(五步)复查纠错误.
(二)方法指导
1.上下文语境法
近年来的完形填空试题在选项的设置上越来越淡化语法结构,重在文意的干扰,即把具体的语言知识溶进具体的语言情景中去,考查考生通过上下文的前后提示或暗示,对整体文意进行把握的能力。这种考查方式所占的比例较大,且难度也大,若单纯从句子或个别段落来分析,或许所给的四个答案在语法和结构上都是正确的,若放在全局,则不一定正确。因此,快速浏览全文,领悟文章主旨,通过上下文的语境来选择答案是解决这类题的关键。
[例1](2005年湖北试卷)(保留原题号,下同)
It's all in a day ' s work for a war reporter , and it can be very 39 . In the first two years of the 40 in former Yugoslavia (前南斯拉夫), 28 reporters and photographers were killed. Hundreds more were 41 .What kind of people put themselves in danger to 42 pictures to our TV screens and 43 to our newspapers? Why do they do it?
"I think it's every young journalist's 44 to be a foreign reporter," says Michael Nicholson, "that's 45 you find the excitement. So when the first opportunity comes, you take it 46 it is a war."
39. A. dangerous B. exciting C. normal D. disappointing
40. A. stay B. fight C. war D. life
41. A. injured B. buried C. defeated D. saved
42. A. bring B. show C. take D. make
43. A. scenes B. passages C. stories D. contents
44. A. belief B. dream C. duty D. faith
45. A. why B. what C. how D. where
[解析]39后面讲了28 reporters and photographers were killed 28个记者和摄影师死在战场上,因此,战地记者的工作是很危险的。
[解析]40You're standing in front of a 37 (camera) and you're telling the TV38 (viewers) what is happening.前面讲战地记者,因此这里说的是前南斯拉夫战争
[解析]41由上文可知,战地记者的工作是非常危险的,或是会受伤或是会被打死。
[解析]44根据上下文可知,年轻记者的梦想是成为一名外国记者。
[例2] (2004浙江卷)
Bob had just made a “motherhood contract(合同)”—declaring that for 70 days this summer he would 37 the care of their four children and all the housework. Although he didn’t even know how to make coffee when he sighed, he was very confident…. After 40 of the 70 days, he was ready to give up. “I was beaten down, “ admits Bob. “Not only is motherhood a 40 task, it is an impossible job for any normal human being.”….
37. A. stick to B. set about C. think about D. take over
40. A. strange B. pleasant C. difficult D. serious
[解析]37题从语法角度考虑四个选项都可以接受,但是从上下文考虑,文章中我们可以读到男主人和女主人之间是自愿签订了一个代替母亲做家务和照看孩子70天的合同。所以,自签订合同之日起,他将接替妻子所有的家务。D( take over)选项从词义和语法上都符合上下文。
[解析]40题可以从上文 的beaten down和下文的 impossible job可以判断出选择C(difficult)。
2.常识背景法
完形填空往往以自身的内容提供完整的语篇信息,其间交织渗透着各类相关的文化背景知识和生活常识,考查考生灵活运用该方面知识的能力。解决这类题目,考生不仅要有广博的知识、丰富的生活经历,还要能够驾驭全文,不仅理解文章的表层意义,而且要弄清文章的深层意义。当对语言的把握不很准确时,可充分利用社会文化知识和生活常识来帮助判断。
[例1](2005年江西试卷)
In the summer vacation of 1997 , I was fixed with a job . I worked as a(n) 36 at Mr. Breen’s fruit shop
36.A.operator B.assistant C.waiter D.secretary
[解析]36 shop assistant 店员,根据工作地点可以推断答案他是在帮Mr Breen做店员。Operator接线员、操作员 waiter餐 馆服务员 secretary秘书。
[例2](2005年天津试卷)
Having left the town, the girl stopped the car at the landing near the entrance of the bay(海湾).She stepped into the 16 and rowed out silently ….
The lights of the town became 31 .
16. A. car B. boat C. ship D. sail
31. A. brighter B. bigger C. closer D. smaller
[解析](上文已经告诉我们根据下文中的rowed(划船)可判断出女孩上了船。)因而船远离了城镇,根据常识灯光应该是变得越来越小了。
[例3](2004 湖北卷)
The couple called around to find a tire. No 43 .They decided to let her use
their own car. “Here,”Paul said, handling Clay a 44 of keys.
43. A. way
B. message
C. success
D. luck
44. A. set B. number C. pair D. chain
[解析]43答案D。no luck 为固定短语,意为:“运气不好”,表示没有找到好的车胎。
[解析]44答案A。a set of意为“一副/套/串”,a number of 意为“许多”,a pair of意为“一双”,chain意为“锁链,链条”。根据生活常识,应为a set of keys(一串钥匙)。
[例4](2005年辽宁试卷)
Having 44 along for several days, he suddenly fell down and died.
44.A.battled B.struggled C.speeded D.waited
[解析]这道题考查对动词和上下文的理解,这句话的意思是:他在挣扎了几天之后,突然沉下去,死了。从句意来看C选项的speed不构成干扰。而D选项的wait显然不合逻辑,因为没有人愿意“等死”,况且这些人还都是身强力壮、意志坚强的探险队员。B选项的battle 用作动词时,意为“战斗,打仗”,用在这里,显然也是不合适的。
3.习惯搭配法
词的固定搭配,特别是动词的搭配在完形填空题中出现的比例也是比较大的,多数题目涉及到动词的用法和各种搭配关系,这是由动词在句子中的重要性决定的。动词在搭配关系上与名词、介词、副词的用法紧密相关。解决这类题目要求考生多读、多记,对所学习语或固定搭配牢固掌握,并能灵活运用。
[例1](05年安徽试卷)
I did very badly at school. My headmaster thought I was 36 and when I was 14 he said, "You’re never going to be 37 but a failure. "
36. A. bright B. useless C. simple D. hopeful
useless无用。从上文“I did very badly at school.”可以看出,作者给校长的印象是“无用”。
37. A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing
[解析]37根据never可判断要选anything.never/not be anything but 表示“除……之外”。
[例2](2005年天津试卷)
She wasn’t even halfway, 23 she was already tired and her hands 24 from pulling on the rough wooden oars(船桨). “ I’m never going to 25 it ”, she thought .
23. A. if B. so C. but D. since
根据前面两句的内容可判断出它们是转折关系。
24. A. hurt B. ruined C. troubled D. broke
hurt受伤。由于海浪很大,她划桨的手受了伤。
25. A. get B. make C. keep D. take
[解析]25 make it固定搭配意思是“按时到达某处(目的地)”。由于海浪太大,小女孩有些泄气,认为到达不了目的地。
[例3] (2004全国II)
Tracy Wong is a well-known Chinese American writer. But her writing
36 was something she picked up by herself. After her first
37 , teaching disabled children, she became a part-time writer for IBM.
38 , writing stories was simply a 39 interest.
36. A. skill
B. experience C.
practice D.
method
[解析]36答案A。本题考查词义及搭配能力。她的写作技巧是她自己练出来的。pick up a skill 是练成/学会的一种技能,从搭配上看合理。
37. A. duty B.
effort
C. job
D. task
答案C。此题考查上下文语境的判断能力。空后的teaching disabled children 是前面内容的同位语,教残疾儿童是一种工作,且后文“part-time writer”(业余作家),也说明她有一份工作。
38. A. Instead B.
Normally C.
Certainly D.
Then
答案D。结合上下文根据词义,可知答案为D, Then 意为“在当时”。
39. A. general
B. deep C.
personal
D. lively
[解析]答案C。全句意为:在当时,写作不过是她的一项个人兴趣(不是工作或谋生的手段)。
4.词义辨析法
要做好这种题目,必须尽量将词语辨析与情节推理和逻辑推理结合起来,从词汇意义入手,抓住情节线索解决问题。
[例1](2005年浙江试卷)
34 , I realized that the people there were having a nice conversation with their machines, not with people. They were more 35 having a relationship with the 36 ,
34. A. From then on B. At that moment C. In all D. Above all
35. A. interested in B. tired of C. careful about D. troubled by
36. A. computer B. soul C. shop D. geek
[解析]34 at that moment”表示“这时,我意识到了……”,其他选项与文义不符。
[解析]35 表示“对电脑比对人更感兴趣”,此题易误选C项,“be careful about”意为“小心/当心”
而“care about”才是“关心,在乎”。
[例2](2005年江苏试卷)
40 what we discovered later were all the gifts that came out of 41 difficulties. We came to learn that something 42 could happen in a disaster . All over the world people 43 Chris so much that letters and postcards poured in every day.
40. A. So B. For C. Or D. Yet
41. A. sharing B. separating C. fearing D. exploiting
42. A. terrible B. similar C. wonderful D. practical
43. A. wrote for B. cared for C. hoped for D. sent for
[解析]40此处表示的是结果,so最能够说明问题。
[解析]41我所得到的最好的回报就是共同经历困难。share difficulties的所以为“共同经历困难”。
out of sharing difficulties 出于分摊(我们的)困难。
[解析]42我们也希望在我们的生活中会发生一些奇迹。terrible 可怕的;similar类似的;wonderful奇妙的;practical实用的。
[解析]43短语care for的意思为“关心,照顾”。所以他们寄来大量的信件和贺卡。write for为……写;care for 关心;hope for 希望得到;send for 派人去请。
[例2](2004 浙江)
“It was all his own idea,”says Pat, the wife of California high school
football coach Bob Peters. Bob had 36 made a “motherhood contract”-
declaring that for 70 days this summer he would 37 the care
of their four children and all the housework. 38 he didn't
even know how to make coffee when sighed, he was very confident.
36. A. only
B. just
C. nearly
D. ever
37. A. stick to B. set about C. think about D. take over
38. A. If B. As C. Since D. Although
[解析]36答案B。本题考查副词词义的辨析能力。有上下文知,他还没有立即履行合同。
[解析]37答案D。本题考查动词词义辨析能力。take over 意为“接管”。
[解析]38答案D。本题考查状语从句的引导词。句意:虽然他在签合同时连如何煮咖啡都不知,但他还是很自信。as作“尽管”讲时,从句部分必须是倒装语序。
由于许多词汇在上下文中以不同形式反复出现,请注意以下几点:
(1)同一词上下文复现:很多正确选项常是上文或下文中出现的词。
(2)同义词复现:and连接两同义的词或句子。happy and gay; unhappy and disappointed.
(3)反义词复现: but 连接两个含义相对的词:small but neat; expensive but tasty; gave them reason to reflect on their past and
plan for their future.
(4)词汇链即不同词类的联想:如:believe和belief;think和thought;repairman 和fix one's car.
(5)词义深层内涵的区别:如:“普通的”在英语中有多词可用,但含义不同。common: 强调事情发生的频率,非罕见的,如common sense; ordinary: 强调事物的等级、一般和日常、平凡之含义,如:ordinary people ;usual:强调习惯;general:强调大多数,较少例外;normal:含义为标准的,常态的。
5.语法分析法
完形填空题中也有考查语法知识的题目。对于他们,考生不仅要理解上下文的逻辑关系,更要有针对性地对语法结构、句式特点,对短文中所设空格中需填的词在句子里作什么成分,哪类词合适,应采取什么形式等等进行必要的分析思考,从而迅速解决问题。比如,选用动词就要考虑各种时态、语态、语气、谓语形式、非谓语形式、及物、不及物、持续性质、非持续性质、主谓搭配以及其如何与其它词类配合使用等一系列问题。熟练地掌握基础语法知识并运用其进行分析解答完形填空题是一种非常有效的解题方法。
[例1](2005年浙江试卷)
It was raining. I went into a cafe and asked for a coffee. 21 I was waiting for my drink, I realized there were other people in the place,….
21. A. Before B. Since C. Although D. While
[解析]while“表示“当……的时候,在……期间”,后接进行时态。其他均不符合题意。
[例2] (2003全国卷)
I played a racquetball game against my cousin Ed last week. It was one of the most surprising and tiring games I've ever had. When Ed first phoned and we play, I laughed quietly, figuring on an easy victory. ……
A. declared B. mentioned C. persuaded D.suggested
[解析]分析句子结构可看出we play应为宾语从句,只有suggest后的宾语从句的谓语用should加动词原形,should省略。
[例3](2004天津卷)I was leaving 49 several girls camp up to me.
A. while B. when C. as D. since
[解析] “be doing …when…”为常用句子结构,意思为“正在这个时候….”。所以选B.( when)。
6.逻辑分析法
利用上下文内在逻辑关系(比如:因果关系、转折关系、递进关系、并列关系等)
[例1](2005年浙江试卷)
I saw their bodies, but I couldn’t feel their souls 23 their souls belonged to the 24 .
23. A. because B. when C. until D. unless
[解析]23考查连词。上下文有因果关系
24. A. home B. world C. Net D. Café
由上下文可知,作者之所以感到孤寂,是因为其他人的灵魂都属于网络。
[例2](05年山东试卷)
I’ve 50 regretted it. I wanted to be a biologist, 51 I didn’t pursue my 52 . You know what you want. Go fulfill it.”
50. A. always B. never C. seldom D. almost
根据上下文可知,作者的父亲对此“一直”很后悔,因此答案为always
51. A. rather B. but C. for D. therefore
[解析]51上下文有转折关系
52. A. promise B. task C. belief D. dream
由上文可知,句意为“没有追求自己的‘梦想’”
7.排除保留法
有时我们会遇上这样的情况:对某个题目的正确选项的含义、用法不甚明了、但发现其它选项却有显而易见的谬误,这时候我们可以试试排除法:将干扰项逐项检查验证,凡发现有错误的选项,立即剔除出选择范围。随着选择范围的缩小,选项的准确率就会不断提高。经过这样分析推敲弃误留正,便会水落石出,找出正确答案。排除法运用得好,可以收到事半功倍的效果。
[例1](2005年浙江试卷)
He was chatting online and, 27 , he was playing a computer game—a war game. I was 28 .
27. A. first of all B. just then C. at the same time D. by that time
“busy"是因为他边在线聊天,同时,还打电脑游戏。
28. A. surprised B. delighted C. moved D. frightened
[解析]28用排除法可推出,作者十分的惊讶,而不是高兴/激动/害怕。
[例2](05年重庆试卷)
Hearing a strange noise from the 41 of the car, he naturally got out to 42 the wheels carefully, but he found nothing wrong, so he 43 his way. Again the noise began 44 and became even louder.
41. A. front B. back C. left D. right
四个选项均为方位,前、后、左、右。由46题“following the car"可知,“a strange noise”是由后面传来。
42. A. clean B. change C. test D. examine
驾车热闹走出驾驶室来检查车轮。易错点: C项“test”强调测试。
43. A. drove B. continued C. pushed D. forced
驾车人停车检查后,没发现异样情况,故继续向伦敦驶去。
44. A. normally B. gently C. actually D. immediately
[解析]44由“Again”可知,“the noise”在他重新驾驶后再次发生。此题可用排除法。A项为“通常的”,B项为“温柔的、轻轻的”与“became even louder”不符,C项为“实际的、实在的”均不符合上下文。