11. 动词的时态（一）

11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
　 时间状语： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday
　 I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
　 The earth moves around the sun.
　 Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
　 Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。

　 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
　 I don't want so much.
　 Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
　　　I am doing my homework now.

　　第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
　 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
　 Where did you go just now?

2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
　 When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
　 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.　　　　　

3）句型：
　 It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到……时间了"　 "该……了"
　 It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"　 "早该……了"
　 It is time for you to go to bed.　 你该睡觉了。
　 It is time you went to bed.　　　你早该睡觉了。
　 would (had) rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事'
　 I'd rather you came tomorrow.

4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
　I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

比较：
　　一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
　Christine was an invalid all her life.　
　 (含义：她已不在人间。)
　Christine has been an invalid all her life.　
　 (含义：她现在还活着)
　Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
　 (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
　Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
　( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
　　
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
　　　Did you want anything else?
　　　I wondered if you could help me.
2）情态动词 could, would.
　　　Could you lend me your bike?

11.3 used to / be used to
　　used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
　　Mother used not to be so forgetful.　　
　　Scarf used to take a walk.　 (过去常常散步)

　　be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
　　He is used to a vegetarian diet.　　
　　Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)

典型例题　　　
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's .　　　　　　
A. didn't　　B. couldn't　C. don't　D. can't
　　答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看 出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。

11.4 一般将来时
1)　shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
　　will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
　　Which paragraph shall I read first.
　　Will you be at home at seven this evening?

2)　be going to +不定式，表示将来。
　 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。
　　　What are you going to do tomorrow?
　 b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
　　 The play is going to be produced next month。
　 c. 有迹象要发生的事
　　 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

3)　 be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
　　 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

4)　be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
　　He is about to leave for Beijing.
　 注意：be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

11.5 be going to / will
用于条件句时， be going to　表将来
　　　　　　　 will　表意愿
　　If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
　　Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
　　 be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
　　 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
　I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　 (客观安排)
　I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
　　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
　　　When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.

2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
　　　 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
　　　 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

3）在时间或条件句中。
　　　 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
　　　 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
　　　 I hope they have a nice time next week.
　　　 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
　 意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
　 I'm leaving tomorrow.
　 Are you staying here till next week?
11.9 现在完成时
　　现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状　态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去　但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或　状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。

11.10 比较过去时与现在完成时
　 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
　
　 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语

共同的时间状语:　
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately　

现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,　　　　　　till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
　
　 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
　 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
　举例：
　 I saw this film yesterday.
　　（强调看的动作发生过了。）
　 I have seen this film.
　　（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）　
　 Why did you get up so early?
　　（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
　 Who hasn't handed in his paper?　
　　（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
　 She has returned from Paris.　
　　 她已从巴黎回来了。
　 She returned yesterday.
　　 她是昨天回来了。
　 He has been in the League for three years.
　　(在团内的状态可延续)
　 He has been a League member for three years.
　　(是团员的状态可持续)
　 He joined the League three years ago.　
　　( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
　 I have finished my homework now.　
　
　 ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
　 ---He's already been sent for.　
　 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
　 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
　 （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
　 It is the first time that I have visited the city.
　 It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
　 This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
　　　 这是我看过的最好的电影。
　 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。

典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?　
　 --- No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming
　 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
　 ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come
　 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
　 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

11.12 比较since和for
　　Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
　　I have lived here for more than twenty years.
　　I have lived here since I was born..
　　My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.　
　　Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
　　I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.　
　　My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.　
　　I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

　　注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
　　 I worked here for more than twenty years.
　　　(我现在已不在这里工作。)
　　 I have worked here for many years.　　　
　　　(现在我仍在这里工作。)

　　小窍门：　当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
　　1)　(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
　　　 = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
　　2)　(错) Harry has got married for six years.
　　　 = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
　　显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years.